1、出道前的那段时期
1989年,那个时候,我们普通人还没怎样接触过电脑,还不能淘宝(由于那会马云还在杭州教书。。),也不能QQ聊天(马化腾98年才创建腾讯),遇到问题了也不可以百度(李彦宏还在北京大学读书)。那会,互联网属于很少的1部份人。
1990年11月,世界上第1台Web服务器和Web阅读器诞生在CERN(欧洲核子研究组织。。额这个名称确切比较难理解。。核子%>_<%)手上。但是,那会上网也不是通过HTTP的。但是那1年开始,HTTP家族诞生在这个世界上,开始努力,发誓要占据全部世界的网络。
2、HTTP家族
1990年这个时候,HTTP的哥哥HTTP0.9出道,但是没能红起来,并没有被作为标准投入使用。
直到1996年5月,HTTP(1.0)正式出道,并且1炮而红,至今还被广泛使用当中。
1997年1月公布的HTTP(1.1),由于继承了HTTP绝大部份优点,修补了其中不足而成为目前主流的HTTP协议版本。由于没有太大的问题,所以它的版本多年来几近没有更新。
但是目前HTTP妈妈还是怀孕了,HTTP
2.0正在怀胎10月(制定中)。
3、必备的网络基础TCP/IP
要理解HTTP通讯,乃至是网络。所必须知道的1点基础就是TCP/IP。
3.0 IP地址
就犹如每一个人都有1个唯一无2的身份证1样,接入互联网的计算机都有1个唯1标示自己的东东,这就是IP地址,InternetProtocol
Address 符合网络协议的地址。
IP地址目前分为两种 IPV4
和 IPV6。
IPV4是 InternetProtocol Version4
互联网协议的第4版本,采取32位2进制来表示1个地址。由于2的32次方是4294967296,最多可以表示42亿台计算机,但是,地球人口已超过60亿。因此,42亿是行将不够用的,所以出现了IPV6。为何不是IPV5呢,由于IPV5已用于1个网络流的测试协议了,所以就轮到了IPV6。
IPV6是16个字节,长度多达128位。
3.1
协议
所谓协议就是规矩、规则。无规矩不成方圆。你和我通过1台计算机进行聊天,我们的计算机软件得先商量好由哪1方发起通讯,使用哪一种语言(不能你说日语我说国语吧),怎样结束通讯等等。这些都得事前制定好,成为文档,然后我们就依照文档来。
这类规则文档,我们就叫协议。
3.2 TCP/IP协议族
你可以想象,现在我们通过网络可以做甚么事情?仅仅是用阅读器上网么?不是的。我们可以通过QQ、旺旺聊天,可以通过飞鸽传书在同1个局域网内传文件,我们输入1个网址域名而不是IP地址就能够访问到那个网页了。
而这些事情,都是用不同的协议的。所以网络协议有很多很多。举例以下图:
这些跟互联网相干的协议集合,总该有个名字,因而他们就被先人命名为 TCP/IP协议族。
为何是TCP/IP协议族,而不是
其他名字协议族,TCP/IP,前者TCP指的是TCP协议,后者IP指的是IP协议,之所以用他们命名,我认为是当时
TCP 和 IP协议出现较早,当时的IT工程师用他们两个实现了网络通讯,长此以往,即便后来出现了与TCP并列在网络层的UDP协议,还有其他协议也好,人们已习惯了TCP/IP的称呼,干脆就把TCP/IP统称为所有网络协议的总称好了。
3.3 TCP/IP
分层
有人可能会想,哎那末麻烦做甚么,干吗不把所有协议都统1起来,整合成1个协议呢?
试想一想,如果真的整合成只有1个协议,这个协议好强大,
可以完成很多事情,但是,当我某个地方不太公道需要修改的时候,那末这个协议其他部份也得随着改动了。牵1发而动全身!!
很麻烦。
所以,我们这么细分,是由于真的需要分层。
当我们把网络通讯之间的工作细分为1层层的时候,你会发现,即便我要修改,我只需要修改1层就行了,只要层与层之间的接口方法不变。那末其他层协议是不受影响的。现在我们所需要做的工作就是把层分好,并且把各层之间的接口部份计划好。
分层的好处――
设计变得相对简单,协议相互之间的牵连少了,开发更自由。
波比源码 » 细说HTTP笔记1:HTTP的出道故事
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